ARIEL UNIVERSITY CENTER
FOR THE RESEARCH &
STUDY OF GENOCIDE
October 7 Israelis' Massacre in Southern Israel
Declaring the Atrocities Committed by Hamas Against Israeli Civilians as Crimes Against Humanity, War Crimes and Genocide
Recognizing, that on October 7, 2023, in tandem with massive rocket attacks on dozens of Israeli cities and villages, more than 1,500 armed Hamas militants illegally broke through the southern Israeli border with Gaza. They committed genocidal massacres of more than 1,400 Israelis, ambushing them on the streets of their villages, breaking into their houses, and butchering them in the most cruel and vicious ways. Families hiding in their houses were murdered, including men, women, children, babies, and the elderly. The attackers set civilians' houses on fire, burning the inhabitants alive. They mutilated and burned the bodies of murdered Israelis. They raped Israeli women;
Recognizing, that Hamas militants forcibly took more than 200 Israelis and citizens of other countries as hostages to the Gaza Strip;
Recognizing, that the atrocities perpetrated by Hamas militants on October 7 are comparable, according to United States President Biden, to "the worst rampages of ISIS;"
Recognizing, that Iran has been enabling and empowering Hamas since the 1980's;
Recognizing, that Hamas militants committed these atrocities in Israel with the declared genocidal intent written in the Hamas Covenant of 1988 that calls for the elimination of the State of Israel, denies Israel’s right to exist, and calls for eternal war against Jews and Israel;
Recognizing, that Hamas's jihadist genocidal terrorism against Israel and Jews, uses indoctrination and incitement to motivate its followers to commit these massacres;
Recognizing, that according to the UN Human Rights Council, this indoctrination and incitement for genocidal terrorism includes delegitimization, dehumanization, and demonization against Israel and Jews in Hamas’s educational curricula and military training;
Recognizing, that this same indoctrination and incitement is included in educational curricula sponsored by the Palestine Liberation Organization and taught in refugee camps run by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA);
Recognizing, that these incitements to destroy Israel, Israelis and the Jewish people constitute an "intent to destroy in whole or in part a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such," according to article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948);
Recognizing, that according to article 2(a) of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948), and article 6(a) of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1988), both of which constitute customary international law, the killing of members of a national, ethnical, racial or religious group with an intent to destroy the group in whole or in part is a crime of genocide;
Recognizing, that according to article 2(b) of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948), and article 6(b) of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1988), both of which constitute customary international law, causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of a national, ethnical, racial or religious group is a crime of genocide;
Recognizing, that according to customary international law, and article 7 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, murder, extermination, enforced disappearances of persons, rape or any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity, and other inhumane acts of a similar character intentionally causing great suffering or serious bodily or mental injury, perpetrated in a widespread or systematic attack against a civilian population, are crimes against humanity;
Recognizing, that according to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflict (Protocol I), Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non- International Armed Conflict (Protocol II) (1977), and article 8 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), the murder, intentional killing of persons taking no active part in the hostilities, taking of hostages, violence to life and person including cruel treatment and torture, and outrages upon personal dignity constitute war crimes;
Recognizing, that the Geneva Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and sick in Armed Forces in the Field (1949) and articles 32- 34 of the Protocol Additional to the Geneva Convention and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflict (Protocol I) (1977), impose obligations regarding the dead and the missing, including forwarding information about the sick, wounded and dead in their hands to the other party to the conflict, and about the location of the graves of the dead;
Recognizing, that article 34, of the Protocol Additional to the Geneva Convention and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflict (Protocol I) (1977), requires the parties to the conflict to facilitate the repatriation of remains of the deceased;
Recognizing, that UN General Assembly Res 3220 (xxix) (6 November 1974) A/res/3220(xxix) determined the duties entrusted with the parties to the armed conflict to locate and mark the graves of the dead, to facilitate the disinterment and the return of remains, if requested by their families and to provide information about those who are missing in action, and UN Security Council Res 2474 (11 June 2019) S/Res/2474 reiterated those duties and added the obligations to search for and recover the dead as a result of armed conflict, identify them, respect the remains of the dead, … and to return them, whenever possible, to their relatives, and ensure that, data possibly leading to the identification of the deceased person is adequately collected and recorded;
Recognizing, that Israel launched a legitimate war of self-defense against Hamas, according to article 51 of the UN Charter and UNSC Res. 1368, to defend its population and to prevent the recurrence of Hamas's jihadist genocidal terrorism;
Recognizing the principle of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P), adopted in 2005 by the UN General Assembly,
Therefore, we, scholars of Holocaust Studies and Scholars of Genocide Studies and prevention,
Declare that the atrocities perpetrated by Hamas against Israeli civilians, constitute genocide and crimes against humanity, and the atrocities perpetrated by Hamas against Israeli civilians and combatants constitute war crimes;
Condemn in the strongest terms these current atrocities and human rights violations perpetrated by Hamas against Israeli citizens;
Calls Upon the United Nations to condemn these crimes and to require the immediate and unconditional release of all hostages;
Call Upon the International Committee of the Red Cross to ensure that pending their release, the hostages will be treated humanely and respectfully and be provided with proper medical care and supply of essential medications;
Call Upon the International Committee of the Red Cross to ensure that Hamas provides all vital information about the hostages and allows for means of communication by the hostages with their families and with the ICRC;
Call Upon the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to recognize the need for a structured, supervised and comprehensive post-war education system for Gaza and the Palestinian Authority based on the models for denazification of Germany and its population after World War II;
Call Upon the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and UNESCO to supervise and support the establishment of a reformed education system for Palestinian children, free of incitement and for tolerance of diversity;
Call Upon the United Nations Human Rights Council to investigate these crimes against humanity, genocide, and war crimes that Hamas has perpetrated against Israeli civilians and combatants;
Call Upon the United Nations General Assembly and the UN Office of the Special Advisors for the Prevention of Genocide and for the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) to invoke the responsibility to protect to condemn these acts of genocide against Israelis and Jews,
Call Upon the United Nations Security Council to take all necessary action to address Hamas's threats to peace, including the application of measures such as economic sanctions against Hamas, Iran, and against individuals responsible for Hamas atrocities;
Call Upon the UN Security Council to refer the situation to the International Criminal Court to bring to justice individuals responsible for these commissions of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes;
Call Upon the U.N. Human Rights Council and national governments to recognize these atrocities perpetrated against Israeli civilians as acts of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes;
Call Upon U.N. member states to use national courts with universal jurisdiction to conduct criminal proceedings against individuals responsible for these crimes against humanity, war crimes and genocide.
Signatories:
Prof. Israel W. Charny, The Institute on The Holocaust and Genocide
Dr. Hilly Moodrick-Even Khen, Ariel University
Dr. Orit Miller Katav, Ariel University
Prof. Gregory H Stanton, Genocide Watch
Prof. Shmuel Refael, Bar Ilan University
Prof. Elihu D Richter, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine
Dr. Zbyněk Tarant, University of West Bohemia In Pilsen
Prof. Antoni Abat I Ninet, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona
Dr. Idit Gil, The Open University of Israel
Dr. Yael Siman, Iberoamericana University Mexico City
Dr. David Ben Zazon , Ben Gurion University
Dr. Gunther Jikeli, Indiana University
Dr. Itzik Pass, Bar-Ilan University
Dr. Rachel Levi Drummer, Bar Ilan University Israel
Itamar Levin, News1.Co.Il
Daniel Lerner , Bar Ilan University
Gitit Hoze, Bar Ilan University
Michal Baram, Bar Ilan University
Prof. Adam Ferziger, Bar-Ilan University
Ronnie Dunetz, Ubiquity University
Aliza Adelman, Bar Ilan University
Dr. Joel Rappel, Bar-Ilan University
Hadas Post , Bar Ilan
Marc I. Sherman, Institute on The Holocaust and Genocide, Jerusalem
Prof. Daniel Reiser, Herzog College
Prof. Yvonne Kozlovsky Golan, University of Haifa
Dr. Batya Brutin , Beit Berl Academic College
Dr. Miri Priesler, Ruppin Academic Center , Israel
Prof. Arie Nadler, Tel Aviv University
Dr. Eyal Boers, Ariel University
Shlomit Tzagay, Bar Ilan University
Prof. Ilana Berman-Frank, University of Haifa
Niza Jan, Bar Ilan
Prof. Yitzchak Kerem, Bar Ilan University
Dr. Daniela Ozacky Stern , Western Galilee College
Prof. Yuri Mantilla, Liberty University School of Law
Dr. Naomi Anne Shmuel, Arnold and Leona Finkler Institute of Holocaust Research, Bar Ilan University.
Prof. Tal Shavit, Ariel University
Prof. Judit Bokser Liwerant, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México
Prof. Steven Leonard Jacobs, The University of Alabama
Dr. Gerald Harvey Katzman, Wayne State University School of Medicine department of Pediatrics
Prof. Mary Prentice , Liberty University
Prof. Johannes-Dieter Steinert, University of Wolverhampton
Dr. Shay A Pilnik, Yeshiva University
Dr. Joshua M. Karlip, Yeshiva University
Irving Kempner , The Gillette Company
Varda Meidar, Bar Ilan University
Joseph Ophir, Ophir Foundation
Dr. Ruth Dorot, Ariel University, Israel
Prof. Heiko Beyer, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
Marilyn Sinclair, Liberation75
Prof. Karin Stögner, University of Passau
Dr. David Juenger, University of Rostock (Germany), History department
Anastasia Cherniavski (Doctoral Student), Ariel University
Bessie S. Blackburn , Liberty University
Dr. Kamal Allabwani, Disr
Shlomi Friedman, Reichman University
Dr. Kahlib Fischer, Helms School of Government, Liberty University
Prof. Oded Mudrik, Ariel Universty
Prof. Edna Udobong, Liberty University
Dr. Milena Gordon Baker, Yeshiva University
Zvika Aviv, Ariel University
Prof. Hubert Kaszyński, Jagiellonian University
Prof. Nitza Davidovitch, Ariel University
Dr. Miri Ben-Amram, Ariel University
Dr. Amir Mashiach, Ariel University
Dr. David Snead, Liberty University
Dr. Sara E Brown, Ca Collaborative on Hgs
Dr. Chen Kertcher, Ariel University
Belle Jarniewski, Jewish Heritage Centre of Estern Canada
Prof. Olakunle Folami , Adekunle Ajasin University Akungba Akoko ondo State Nigeria
Dr. Hazhar Omer Mohammed, Lebanese French University-Erbil
Dr. Ephraim Grossman, Ariel University
Prof. Karen Frostig, Lesley University
Prof. Abdulrahman Karim Darwesh, Genocide.Krd
Anneliese Schenk-Day, The Ohio State University
Dr. Hayiel Hino, Ariel University
Prof. Glenn Timmermans, University of Macau
Sue Ross, Zekelman Holocaust Center
Dr. Dawid Bunikowski, University of Eastern Finland
LeeEl Yehezkel, Technion
Tamara Schexnider, Northeastern University
Dr. Swati Reddy Mettipalle, KVG Medical College
Deana Steele, Human Jew
Public Statement by International Law Experts
On October 7th, 2023, over a thousand terrorists, members of Hamas and the Islamic Jihad, infiltrated and captured civilian villages and towns in Israel, as well as a number of military bases. The terrorists massacred over 1300 people, including women, children, elderly people and young adults who were celebrating at an outdoor party. Thousands of people were severely wounded. The numbers of those slaughtered are still not final, and details about the magnitude of the atrocities are still unfolding. These acts constitute gross violation of international law, and, in particular, of international criminal law. As these widespread, horrendous acts appear to have been carried out with an “intent to destroy, in whole or in part” a national group – Israelis – a goal explicitly declared by Hamas, they most probably constitute an international crime of genocide, proscribed by the Genocide Convention and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
In addition to those murdered and wounded, it is estimated that over 150 people were kidnapped and taken hostage. The majority of the hostages are civilians, and they include Israeli as well as non-Israeli citizens. Among those abducted there are women, children, infants, elderly people in need of medical care and people with disabilities. According to media reports, some kidnapped persons were murdered following their abduction. Videos, released mostly by Hamas, posted on social media, document acts of torture, sexual violence, violence towards children and molestation of bodies. Hamas leader Salah Al-Arouri and Abu Obeida, spokesman of Izz ad-Din al-Kassam confirmed that they were holding Israeli abductees. No information has been provided regarding the current location, status and condition of hostages. They are being held without any communication with the outside world, and the ICRC has not had access to them. There is every reason to believe that their lives and basic rights are under immediate threat of the gravest nature.
War Crimes
International law prohibits the taking of hostages, defined in the International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages as seizing or detaining and threatening to kill, to injure or to continue to detain another person “in order to compel a third party, namely, a State, an international intergovernmental organization, a natural or juridical person, or a group of persons, to do or abstain from doing any act as an explicit or implicit condition for the release of the hostage”. The customary international law prohibition on the taking of hostages applies both to international armed conflicts and to non-international armed conflicts. It thus applies to the armed conflict between Israel and Hamas.
The taking of hostages is defined as a war crime, including by article 8 (2) (c) (iii)of the Rome Statue, reflecting customary international law. The laws pertaining to the holding of prisoners of war do not apply to terrorist organizations. Thus, holding both civilian and soldier hostages constitutes a war crime. The circumstances surrounding the kidnapping of all hostages, civilian and soldiers, reveals that they were taken with the purpose of holding them hostage. Hamas must release all hostages immediately.
In addition to taking hostages, according to information posted on social media and testimonials of survivors, members of Hamas deliberately targeted their attacks against large numbers of civilians, committing murder, torture, rape, mutilation and molestation of bodies. Each of these acts constitutes a war crime, for which perpetrators must bear full accountability.
Crimes Against Humanity
Crimes against humanity refers to acts conducted as part of a “widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population”. The acts that may constitute crimes against humanity include, among others, enforced disappearances, torture, sexual violence and persecution. The abduction of people without provision of information regarding their whereabouts constitutes the crime of enforced disappearances. Furthermore, available information indicates that many abductees were tortured by their captors. These acts were multiply committed by Hamas towards the hostages in execution of its policy to attack civilians, and thus constitute crimes against humanity, for which perpetrators must bear full accountability.
Pending the release of hostages, Hamas must provide under international law information regarding the hostages, including their medical condition, and provide them with the necessary medical care. International law imposes additional particular duties of care towards women and children.
It is the legal and moral duty of all states to act swiftly to halt these crimes.
The international community, including all states and relevant international organizations, must take all measures necessary to ensure immediate release of all hostages held by Hamas. Any delay in action will result in more loss of human life and aggravated human suffering.
Pending release of the abductees, all states must demand Hamas to immediately provide clear information as to the actual whereabouts and condition of all abductees.
Pending release, humanitarian organizations, including the ICRC and all relevant UN agencies should demand from Hamas to provide them with access to the abductees. These organizations must also do their utmost to ensure that essential foodstuff and appropriate medical treatment are provided.
Pending release, all states should use all available means to support Israel, the ICRC and all other relevant organizations and states to gain access to the abductees and to receive information about their fate and whereabouts. Such assistance should include, at the least, providing all possible logistical assistance and available intelligence and supporting relevant diplomatic efforts.
Without derogating from the duty to demand the immediate and unconditional release of all abductees, all states and international organization have a duty to use all available means at their disposal in order to pressure Hamas to give precedence to the immediate release of those abductees who belong to specially protected groups: children, women, older persons, people with disabilities and those in need of medical treatment.
Signatories:
Prof. Lina Lorenzoni Escobar, EAFIT University
Prof. Ilaria Espa, USI
Prof. Carlos Espósito, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
Dr. Myriam Feinberg, Gornitzky & Co
Prof. Veronika Fikfak, University College London
Dr. Agata Fijalkowski, Leeds Beckett University
Ms. Olivia Flasch, Consultant in Public International Law
Dr. Dieter Fleck, Honorary President, International Society for Military Law and the Law of War
Prof. Serena Forlati, University of Ferrara
Prof. Lisa Forman, University of Toronto
Dr. Katharine Fortin, Utrecht University
Prof. Francesco Francioni, European University Institute
Prof. Rosa Freedman, University of Reading
Prof. Ilan Fuchs
Ms. Felice Gaer, Jacob Blaustein Institute for Human Rights
Dr. Sofia Galani, Panteion University
Prof. Hannah R. Garry, UCLA
Prof. Tarcisio Gazzini, Università di Padova
Prof. Thomas Giegerich, Europa-Institut, Saarland University
Dr. Rotem Giladi, University of Roehampton, London
Dr. Emanuela-Chiara Gillard, University of Oxford
Dr. Adi Gillat, H-F & Co. Law Offices
Prof. Tom Ginsburg, University of Chicago
Dr. Aleksandra Gliszczynska- Grabias, Polish Academy of Sciences
Prof. Norman JW Goda, University of Florida
Administrative Law Judge Leah Goldberg
Prof. Sergii Goncharenko, Academy of Advocacy of Ukraine
Prof. Nan Goodman, University of Colorado Boulder
Prof. Gregory S. Gordon, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Prof. Aeyal Gross, Tel Aviv University
Prof. Oren Gross, University of Minnesota
Prof. Claudio Grossman, American University, Washington
Prof. Nienke Grossman, University of Baltimore
Prof. Amos N. Guiora, University of Utah
Prof. Michaela Hailbronner, University of Münster
Prof. Gábor Halmai, European University Institute
Prof. Matthew Happold, University of Luxembourg
Prof. Adil Haque, Rutgers University
Prof. Guy Harpaz, Hebrew University
Prof. Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg, Europa-Universität Viadrina
Prof. Moshe Hirsch, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Prof. Stephan Hobe, University of Cologne
Dr. Jane Hofbauer, Universität der Bundeswehr München
Prof. Florian F. Hoffmann, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio)
Prof. Rainer Hofmann, Goethe Universität Frankfurt
Prof. Duncan B. Hollis Temple University
Dr. James Holms Armstead, Jr, Former faculty at US Naval War College
Prof. Tamar Hostovsky Brandes, Ono Academic College
Dr. Nicole Horn, Sigmund Freud University Vienna
Dr. Sigall Horovitz, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Dr. David Hughes, University of Toronto
Prof. Francesca Ippolito, University of Cagliari, Italy
Dr. Shahram Iranbomy
Dr. Kushtrim Istrefi, Utrecht University
Dr. Philipp Janig, University of the Bundeswehr Munich
Dr. Ralph Janik, Sigmund Freud Private University
David Joseph, KC
Prof. Yann Jurovics, Université Evry Val d’Essonne
Prof. Stefan Kadelbach, Universität Frankfurt
Prof. Natia Kalandarishvili-Mueller, ALTE University, Tbilisi
Adv. Yuval Kaplinsky, Former Director of the Department of International Affairs, Israel’s State Attorney’s Office
Prof. Zachary D. Kaufman, University of Florida
Dr. Avidan Kent, University of East Anglia
Joshua Kern, 9BR Chambers
Prof. Mark Kersten, University of the Fraser Valley
Prof. Eugene Kontorovich, George Mason University
Prof. David Kaye, University of California, Irvine
Prof. Alexandre Kedar, Haifa University
Dr. Renana Keydar, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Prof. Orde F. Kittrie, Arizona State University/FDD
Prof. Eckart Klein, Potsdam University
Prof. Thomas Kleinlein, University of Kiel
Prof. David D. Knoll AM, University of New South Wales, Australia
Dr. Jonathan Kolieb, RMIT University
Prof. Markus Kotzur, Universität Hamburg
Prof. Daniel Kraus, University of Neuchatel
Prof. Shiri Krebs, Deakin University
Prof. Claus Kreß, University of Cologne
Prof. David Kretzmer, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Prof. Heike Krieger, Freie Universität Berlin
Dr. Dilek Kurban, Berlin Social Science Center (WZB)
Dr. Viktoriia Lapa, Bocconi University
Dr. Petra Larsen, University of Manchester
Prof. Annabelle Lever, Institut d'Etudes Politiques, Paris
Prof. Melanie Levy, University of Neuchatel
Dr. Liron A. Libman, Sapir Academic College
Prof. Eliav Lieblich, Tel Aviv University
Prof. Lucas Lixinski, UNSW Sydney
Prof. James Loeffler, Johns Hopkins University
Dr. Marco Longobardo, University of Westminster
Dr. Henry Lovat, University of Glasgow
Prof. David Luban, Georgetown University
Prof. Noam Lubell, University of Essex
Dr. Asaf Lubin, Indiana University
Dr. Doreen Lustig, Tel Aviv University
Dr. Ivana Machonova Schellongova, Webster University Geneva
Prof. Mikael Rask Madsen, University of Copenhagen
Prof. Matthias Mahlmann, University of Zurich
Prof. Avihai Mandelblit, College of Law and Business
Dr. Pablo Luis Manili, Universidad de Buenos Aires
Prof. Yuri G. Mantilla, Liberty University
Prof. Paola Mariani, Bocconi University
Prof. Mahmoud Masaeli, Retired prof. at Carleton University and University of Ottawa
Dr. Shavit Matias, Reichman University
Dr. Kasey McCall-Smith, University of Edinburgh
Dr. Tamar Megiddo, Hebrew University Jerusalem
Prof. Frédéric Mégret, McGill University
Prof. Martin Mennecke, University of Southern Denmark
Dr. Andrea Mensi, University of Bologna
Prof. Roberto Mesrob Malkassian, Universidad de Buenos Aires
Prof. Ralf Michaels, Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law, Hamburg
Dr. Alberto Miglio, University of Turin
Prof. Marko Milanovic, University of Reading
Dr. Tal Mimran, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Prof. Martha Minow, Harvard University
Prof. Wyrzykowski Miroslaw, University of Warsaw
Prof. Daniel Moeckli, University of Zurich
Dr. Hilly Moodrick Even-Khen, Ariel University
Dr. Avigail Moor, Tel Hai Academic College
Dr. Niall Moran, Dublin City University
Prof. Luis Moreno Ocampo, Sao Paulo University
Prof. Aggée Mugabe, University of Rwanda
Prof. Sean D. Murphy, George Washington University
Prof. Roda Mushkat, Johns Hopkins University
Dr. Renata Nagamine, Cebrap (Brazilian Center for Analysis and Planning)
Prof. Juan Javier Negri, Asociación Argentina de Derecho Comparado
Prof. Dwight Newman, KC, University of Saskatchewan
Prof. Michael A Newton, Vanderbilt University Law School
Dr. Angelika Nußberger, University Cologne
Dr. Robert S. Neufeld, Haifa University
Prof. Stefan Oeter, University of Hamburg
Prof. Roger O'Keefe, Bocconi University, Milan
Prof. Belen Olmos Giupponi, University of Portsmouth
Attorney Sandra Opincaru
Prof. Federico Ortino, King's College London
Prof. Mark Osiel, University of Iowa
Dr. Magdalena Pacholska, University of Amsterdam
Dr. Mykola Pashkovskyi, National Academy of Law Sciences of Ukraine
Dr. Hadas Peled, Bar Ilan University
Prof. Anne Peters, Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law Heidelberg
Prof. Monica Pinto, Universidad de Buenos Aires
Prof. Ellen S. Podgor, Stetson University
Prof. Jiří Přibáň, Cardiff University
Prof. Marcela Prieto, University of Southern California
Prof. Alexander Proelss, University of Hamburg
Mr. Daniel R. Quiroga-Villamarín, Geneva Graduate Institute (IHEID)
Prof. Frances Raday, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Prof. Camilo Ramírez Gutiérrez, Universidad el Bosque, Bogotá
Prof. Michael Ramsden, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Prof. Steven Ratner, University of Michigan
Prof. Arie Reich, Bar Ilan University
Dr. Yuval Reinfeld, Reichman University
Dr. Daphné Richemond-Barak, Reichman University
Prof. Noya Rimalt, Haifa University
Attorney Ivan Roisman, Universidad Nacional Rosario
Prof. Graziella Romeo, Bocconi University
Prof. Yaël Ronen, Academic Center for Science and Law
Prof. Marco Roscini, University of Westminster/Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights
Prof. Richard D. Rosen, Texas Tech University
Prof. Issachar Rosen-Zvi, Tel Aviv University
Prof. Menachem Rosensaft, Cornell University
Dr. Ido Rosenzweig, Haifa University
Prof. Brad R. Roth, Wayne State University
Judge (retired) Saviona Rotlevy, Tel Aviv Court
Prof. Luca Rubini, University of Turin
Dr. Ilya Rudyak, University of the Pacific
Prof. Robbie Sabel, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Prof. Giorgio Sacerdoti, Bocconi University Milano
Dr. Michal Saliternik, Netanya Academic College
Attorney Sandra Saltrese-Miller, Esq., Saltrese Law
Prof. Sixto Sánchez Lorenzo, University of Granada
Prof. Wojciech Sadurski, University of Sydney and University of Warsaw
Attorney Alon Sapir
Prof. Aurel Sari, University of Exeter
Prof. Mai Sato, Monash University
Prof. Ben Saul, The University of Sydney
Christine Savino, Cornell University
Prof. Paul Schiff Berman, George Washington University
Prof. Stefanie Schmahl, Universität Würzburg
Professor Thoresten Ingo Schmidt, University of Potsdam
Prof. Michael Schmitt, University of Reading
Dr. Roy Schondorf, Herzog, Fox & Neeman
Prof. Ady Schonmann-Bethlehem, King's College, London
Professor Maimon Schwartschild, University of San Diego
Prof. Kyrill Schwarz, Universität Würzburg
Prof. Tullio Scovazzi, University of Milano-Bicocca
Dr. Katarzyna Sekowska-Kozlowska, Polish Academy of Sciences
Dr. Omri Sender, Reichman University
Prof. Amanda Shanor, University of Pennsylvania
Prof. Yuval Shany, Hebrew University Jerusalem
Prof. Marina Sharpe, Royal Military College Saint-Jean
Adv. Pnina Sharvit Baruch, Institute for National Security Studies
Prof. Malcolm Shaw, KC
Prof. Avrom Sher, University of London
Dr. Yahli Shereshevsky, Haifa University
Prof. Shimon Shetreet, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Dr. Vera Shikhelman, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Adv. Vadim Shub, Jerusalem Public Defender’s Office
Adv. Yifa Segal, JISS
Dr. Sivan Shlomo Agon, Bar-Ilan University
Dr. Ronli Sifris, Monash University
Prof. James C. Simeon, York University
Prof. Prabhakar Singh, BML Munjal University
Prof. Elies van Sliedregt, Tilburg University
Dr. Olga Śniadach, University of Gdańsk
Dr. Carlo de Stefano, Roma Tre University
Prof. Dominik Steiger, TU Dresden
Prof. Michael Stein, Harvard Law School
Prof. Richard H. Steinberg, University of California (Los Angeles)
Prof. Peter-Tobias Stoll, University of Göttingen
Prof. Nomi Stolzenberg, University of Southern California
Prof. Anna Su, University of Toronto
Dr. James Summers, Lancaster University
Prof. Edward Swaine, George Washington University
Prof. Tomasz Tadeusz Koncewicz, University of Gdansk
Prof. Christian J. Tams, University of Glasgow
Prof. Ruti Teitel, New York Law School
Prof. D. A. Jeremy Telman, Oklahoma City University
Dr. Stephen Terrett, University of Warsaw
Prof. Patrick Terry, University of Public Administration Kehl
Prof. Joel Trachtman, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy
Attorney Arthur Traldi
Prof. Nicholas Tsagourias, University of Sheffield
Prof. Antonios Tzanakopoulos, University of Oxford
Dr. Valentina Vadi, University of Florence and University of Padua
Prof. Rachel VanLandingham, Southwestern Law School
Dr. Maria Varaki, King’s College London
Prof. Gabriella Venturini, University of Milan
Attorney Yael Vias Gvirsman, Reichman University
Dr. Pedro A. Villarreal Lizárraga, Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law/German Institute for International and Security Affairs
Prof. Alfredo M. Vitolo, Universidad de Buenos Aires
Prof. Markus Wagner, University of Wollongong
Prof. Michael Waibel, University of Vienna
Prof. Christian Walter, LMU Munich
Prof. Matthew Waxman, Columbia Law School
Prof. Annette Weinke, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena
Dr. Dana Wolf, Reichmann University
Adv. Dan Yakir, The Association for Civil Rights in Israel
Dr. Ganna Yudkivska, Academy of Advocacy of Ukraine, UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention
Prof. Jonathan Zasloff, UCLA
Dr. Ariel Zemach, Ono Academic College
Prof. Katja Ziegler, University of Leicester
Prof. Reuven (Ruvi) Ziegler, University of Reading
Prof. Yaffa Zilbershats, Bar Ilan University
Dr. Michał Ziółkowski, Kozminski University in Warsaw
Prof. Noam Zohar, Bar Ilan University